How much
did she carry?

01   The calculator model

Beer mass is stein count × beer volume × fill fraction × beer density. Glass mass is stein count × empty-glass mass. The total is their sum; tray weight and movement are not included.

Total load = beer mass + glass mass

Defaults use ±0.05 kg per glass and ±0.002 kg/L beer density. For each stein, the calculator adds the glass uncertainty to the density uncertainty converted by beer volume × fill level, then sums that margin across the steins. This is a conservative scenario range, not a statistical confidence interval.

02   Why these defaults?

• 90% fill: an adjustable example, not a claim about every served stein.
• 1.010 kg/L beer density: a modeled midpoint for an estimated 1.008–1.012 kg/L range. BJCP Festbier and Märzen gravity ranges inform the beer assumption; specific gravity and water density at 20 °C inform the conversion.
• 1.32 kg empty glass: the midpoint of comparable 1 L Maßkrug product listings around 1.27–1.37 kg: Paulaner, Schweiger, and Stölzle Isar.

These product listings and beer-style ranges inform practical defaults; they are not a survey of every mug or beer served at Oktoberfest.